Double Genitive Definition and Examples in English grammar

In English grammar, the double genitive is a phrase in which possession is indicated by the preposition of followed by the possessive form of a noun or pronoun, as in a friend of Erics. Also called a  double possessive, an oblique genitive, and a postgenitive.  Some linguists argue that the double genitive is not a true genitive but rather a type of partitive construction. In The Careful Writer (1965), Theodore Bernstein noted that Grammarians have argued over the origin and nature, but not the validity, of the double genitive with the fervor of hot-stove league fans rehashing a Word Series play. Examples and Observations The Dude: Who are you, man?Knox Harrington: Oh, just a friend of Maudies.(The Big Lebowski, 1998)We heard the news from a neighbor of Alices.My bedroom, like that of my potential roommates, is cell-like in both its size and simplicity, furnished with only a bed and a small chest of drawers that easily accommodates the little I brought with me.(David Sedaris, Naked, 1997) Bernsteins Defense of the Double Genitive Not infrequently someone questions a construction that reads like this: He is a political associate of the Presidents. Since the of indicates the possessive (genitive), the someone argues, why tack on another possessive in the form of s? Grammarians differ as to the origin and explanation of the construction, but they do not question its well-established legitimacy. . .  [T]he double genitive is of long standing, idiomatic, useful and here to stay.(Theodore Bernstein, Miss Thistlebottoms Hobgoblins. Farrar, 1971) An Idiomatic Construction Despite their apparent redundancy, double genitive constructions such as a friend of ours or no fault of Jos are established English idiom. Grammarians since C18 have puzzled over the way the construction iterates the of genitive with a genitive inflection on the following pronoun or personal noun.(Pam Peters, The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge University Press, 2004) A Subtle Difference To say youre a friend of Gregs means that Greg looks upon you as a friend. To say youre a friend of Greg means that you look upon Greg as a friend. A subtle difference. It seems that the addition of -s to . . . Greg is a way of focusing attention on [this person] as having a more active role in the relationship being expressed. Double possession has given us a way to express quite fine distinctions that we couldnt convey before. The extra marking is not overkill in this case.​(Kate Burridge, Weeds in the Garden of Words: Further Observations on the Tangled History of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2005) Purists and Language Liberals A good many of us do use some double genitives and do not notice that they are double. Some language liberals argue that in informal and casual contexts the double genitive is idiomatic and not overkill, but few editors of Standard English will be likely to let it stand in formal writing. Its either friends of my sister or my sisters friends; even in conversation, friends of my sisters may grate harshly on some purists ears.(Kenneth Wilson, The Columbia Guide to Standard American English, 1993)The double possessive is a matter of some controversy. Some insist that constructions like a friend of Bills are redundant and therefore should be avoided. Others see an old pal of mine and extrapolate that, because youd never say an old pal of me, you also must reject a friend of Bill.I say trust your ear over either dogma. A friend of Bills probably is better . . ..(Bill Walsh, Yes, I Could Care Less: How to Be a Language Snob Without Being a Jerk. St. Martins Press, 2013)

Essay on Hamlet and Macbeth Analyzed as Aristotelian...

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Aristotle’s Poetics is considered the guide to a well written tragedy; his methods have been used for centuries. Aristotle defines a tragedy as â€Å"an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude†¦ in the form of an action, not of narrative; through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotions† (House, 82). The philosopher believes the plot to be the most vital aspect of a tragedy, thus all other parts such as character, diction, and thought stem from the plot. Aristotle affirms, â€Å"the principle of tragedy – the soul, if you like – is the plot, and second to that the characters† (Whalley, 27). William Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Macbeth essentially adhere to this†¦show more content†¦His action is premeditated and is aggravated by his human emotions, ambitions and greed. Subsequent to the action, the character is a central element in a tragedy. According to Aristotle, the character â€Å"must be true to life† and â€Å"natural† and is supposed to be a perfect person to whom the audience can still relate (House, 91). Hamlet is a wealthy prince, however he deals with the problems similar to the common man. He is confused, paranoid, and angered about the circumstances surrounding the death of his father. He is also unsure of himself and how he should handle the situation. His inability to act on his father’s extortion has him reluctant to kill King Claudius. Hamlet’s lack of confidence and anxiety is evident at the end of Act 1, Scene 5 when he cries, â€Å"The time is out of joint. O cursed spite, that I was ever born to set it right† (190-191). The audience can relate to this uncertain feeling and they are able to empathize with Hamlet. Aristotle also describes the tragic character as a person â€Å"of a certain kind or quality; that, if part of the horror is seeing a man broken, it must be a strong man† (Whalley, 25). At the onset of the play, Macbeth is returning from suppressing a revolt against King Duncan in an engagement in which he fights with great valor. However once his ambitions take over, his strength is diminished. Macbeth is

Social and Organizational Barriers-

Question: You are required to Critically evaluate group and Organisational level support for Creativity and Innovation in the context of your Workplace. Answer: Introduction The aim of this task is to inform about the social and organizational barriers affecting promotion of creativity in an organization. Creativity and innovation are the most important tools and techniques which are used in an organization to achieve success in the competitive world. Innovation helps the organization in implementing such changes in their management which not utilized by anyone in the external market. Due to such activities, the organization gains competences and eliminates competition from the market. So it shall be noted that such tools have become an important requirement for the organization now days (Drucker 2014). The report further discusses about the barriers faced by an organization while implementing innovation and creativity in their business process. Further it also tells about the climate which an organization shall attain in order to promote creative leadership, HRM/D, creativity and innovation in an organization. It also provides the recommendations with t he help of which an organization can implement innovation with the help adequate models and theories. Further details about the task are discussed below: Social and organizational barriers in creativity and innovation As considered in the above statements that creativity and innovation are the two most important tools used in an organization. So in order to implement such activities the organization faces many barriers in their course of action. Also it shall be noted that before understanding the barriers, there should be clear knowledge about different between creativity and innovation. Creativity refers to the art of doing things creatively and implementing creative ideas in every action whereas innovation refers to the art of creating a new product with the help of creative ideas (Chalmers 2013). But the fact shall be noted that it is noted for organization now days to use such innovation in their regular day to day business activities. Irrespective of the size of the organization, they faces social as well as organizational problems in implementing such activities. Further the barriers suffered by the organizations are discussed below: Lack of trust and motivation: motivation and trust are the two most basic things required in the business process so as to initiate and implement new activities. If the employees of the organization do not trust on the activities of their leader then innovation would not become successful in the organization. So, this is one of the most important organizational barriers which hinder the growth of the organization in competitive world (Siedlok, and Hibbert 2014). So, the organization needs to take the employees under their confidence and ask them to trust on their activities and follow the path then only they can successfully implement innovation in their organization. Further without motivation no person in the organization will put their hundred percent efforts to complete the task. Thus, it shall be noted that it is very important for the employees to trust on their managers and similarly it is important for the managers to regularly boost up the morale of their employees (Auernham mer, and Hall 2014). Lack of flexibility: The middle level managers who connect all the levels of management in the organization are rigid in adopting the new and innovative activities in the management due to which the lower level managers also becomes rigid to adopt such changes and implement them in the organization (Autio 2014). Condemnation from external factors: Critics given by the external factors highly influence the attitude of the workforce in the organization. Due to this, the whole environment of the organization become negative due to which the efficiency of the employees to work decreases (Canils and Rietzschel 2015). Climate for development of creativity, innovation, leadership and HRM/D in organization Talking about the climate for the development of innovation and its measures in the organization, it shall be noted that only positive environment can help innovation to sustain in the workplace and show its effects. Positive in the workplace management gives a push to the implementation of innovation and creativity in the organization. So, in order to implement such activities, initially the leader needs to creatively initiate leadership in the organization so as to motivate the employees and help them to trust on instincts of the company (Aldrich, and Martinez 2015). Creative leadership shall be adopted by the leaders in the organization and creative leadership can be implemented through transformation leadership process. Transformation leadership refers to the process of understanding the needs and requirements of the employees present in the organization; and work in such a way so as to help them to achieve their personal target along with organizational goals. With such climate innovation can be implemented in the organization (Anderson, Poto?nik, and Zhou 2014). Also positive human resource in the organization supports the creative activities in the organization. If the human resource in the organization would be competent enough to manage such innovation then the climate of the workplace would automatically adjust according to the innovation. But if human resource of the organization is not qualified enough to initiate such activities in the organization, then the leaders would not be able to sustain the innovation practices in the organization. With respect to the human resource, the human resource wheel shall be initiated in the organization to develop and train the employees to work better. With such development the employees would become efficient to understand and positively adopt such measures to practice innovation in their regular business activities (Somech, and Drach-Zahavy 2013). Conclusion Thus in the limelight of above mentioned events the facts that shall be noted that innovation and creativity are two most important tools which shall be practiced by all types of organization in order to attain competitive advantage in the target market. Without using such tools no organization would sustain their growth in the target market. Thus, now a days organization shall become competent to adopt such measures in their regular day to day business activities to gain advantage in the target market and earn more profit (Ren, and Zhang 2015). Further innovation and creativity are two different tools which shall be utilized in the organization; such tools can be easily implemented in the organization by the way to creative leadership. Further the above mentioned report talks about the social and organization barriers affecting the promotion of creativity and leadership the organization and the climate for implementation of such practices. The report adequately supports the notions given in the task. Concluding to the above statement it shall be noted that innovative practices can be implemented in the organization if the employees in the organization are competent enough to understand the innovation and work on them and the leaders are efficient enough to help the employees to achieve the organizational objective by implementing creativity in their work. The leaders shall use adequate models and theories to support and initiate their activities in the organization. Recommendation The below mentioned are a few recommendation which shall be used by the organization in order to use the innovation and creativity practices in the organization. In order to eliminate the social and organization barriers, the organization shall initially develop a clear vision according to which they shall work in the organization. Vision will help the leader to creatively implement new practices in the organization which can help them to achieve their targets with full confidence. The defined goal will also help the organization to not get distracted from the path (Avolio, and Yammarino 2013). Further the organization shall also work on their communication skills so that growth of new and innovative ideas shall be emerged in the organization. Efficient communication will help the employees to share their view and ideas with each other and develop innovative measures to complete the task. Also with the help of communication, the leaders can also initiate to eliminate negative critics from the organization. Thus in this way communication can help and support the organization to achieve their respected target innovatively (Van Knippenberg, and Sitkin 2013). Training and development are the most important ways with the help of which the leaders can improve the skills of employees in and motivate them to work efficient and effectively. Human resource wheel can help the organization to develop measure to train the employees according to the requirement of the activities of the organization. This will help the employees to understand the business process in a better way and support the organization in achieving their goals by inputting their efficiencies. References Aldrich, H.E. and Martinez, M., 2015. Why arent entrepreneurs more creative? Conditions affecting creativity and innovation in entrepreneurial activity.Oxford Handbook on Creativity, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship, pp.445-456. Anderson, N., Poto?nik, K. and Zhou, J., 2014. Innovation and creativity in organizations: A state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework.Journal of Management,40(5), pp.1297-1333. Auernhammer, J. and Hall, H., 2014. Organizational culture in knowledge creation, creativity and innovation: Towards the Freiraum model.Journal of Information Science,40(2), pp.154-166. Autio, E., Kenney, M., Mustar, P., Siegel, D. and Wright, M., 2014. Entrepreneurial innovation: The importance of context.Research Policy,43(7), pp.1097-1108. Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013. Introduction to, and overview of, transformational and charismatic leadership. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. xxvii-xxxiii). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Canils, M.C. and Rietzschel, E.F., 2015. Organizing creativity: Creativity and innovation under constraints.Creativity and Innovation Management,24(2), pp.184-196. Chalmers, D., 2013. Social innovation: An exploration of the barriers faced by innovating organizations in the social economy.Local Economy,28(1), pp.17-34. Drucker, P., 2014.Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. Ren, F. and Zhang, J., 2015. Job stressors, organizational innovation climate, and employees innovative behavior.Creativity Research Journal,27(1), pp.16-23. Siedlok, F. and Hibbert, P., 2014. The organization of interdisciplinary research: Modes, drivers and barriers.International Journal of Management Reviews,16(2), pp.194-210. Somech, A. and Drach-Zahavy, A., 2013. Translating team creativity to innovation implementation: The role of team composition and climate for innovation.Journal of Management,39(3), pp.684-708. Van Knippenberg, D. and Sitkin, S.B., 2013. A critical assessment of charismaticTransformational leadership research: Back to the drawing board?.Academy of Management Annals,7(1), pp.1-60.

The Great Gatsby Chapter Analysis Essay Example

The Great Gatsby Chapter Analysis Paper Nick observes several drunken women at Gatsby lawn, gossiping about the mysterious identity and unusual rumors of Gatsby. Gatsby invites Nick forever lunch and they go on a ride to the city in Gatsby white Rolls Royce. On their way to the city, Gatsby tells Nick about his past. Gatsby describes himself as a son of wealthy parents from the Midwest town of San Francisco, who graduated from Oxford, been a reputable jewel collector in Europe and war hero. Gatsby shows Nick his war medal to prove his claims. He informs Nick to expect a story about his tragedy which he will tell him about later this afternoon. As they drive, Gatsby does not pay attention to the speed limit and an officer pulls them over. Gatsby shows the officer a small white card from the commissioner. The officer apologizes and lets them go. During lunch, they meet Gatsby business partner Meyer Wolfishly. Wolfishly describes Gatsby to Nick as a man Of fine breeding (p. 46 1 993 edition) who would never so much as look at a friends wife? (p. 47 1993 edition). Gatsby informs Nick of Wolfishly identity and that hes the man responsible for the fixing of the 1919 World Series. Nick becomes concerned that Gatsby is involved in crime business. As they leave the restaurant, Nick sees Tom Buchanan and introduces him to Gatsby. Gatsby becomes embarrassed and leaves without even saying goodbye. Later on, Nick meets Jordan at the Plaza Hotel. She tells Nick the amazing thing that Gatsby had told her previously. There is a flashback into Gatsby past: as a young man, Gatsby had a passionate romance with Daisy Fay, who is now Daisy Buchanan. During the war, Gatsby met Daisy at his stay in Louisville and they fell in love. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Gatsby Chapter Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Gatsby Chapter Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Gatsby Chapter Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Daisys family prevented her from marrying Gatsby and one year later she married a wealthy man from Chicago, Tom Buchanan, who gave her a string of pearls worth $350 000 and 3 month honeymoon to the Southern Seas. When they arrive at the Central Park, Jordan finishes the story. She tells that Gatsby)dos love to Daisy is unbreakable and he bought his giant mansion in West Egg just to be across the bay from her. Gatsby believes that he could buy back the love of Daisy with money. Nick realizes that the mimes Gatsby gazed at the green light across the docks, was due to his passionate love to Daisy. Jordan tells Nick, that Gatsby requested him to invite Daisy to his house for tea. Gatsby will suddenly arrive, so she could see him, even though he fears that she doesnt want to. Analysis Thesis Statement: Through the use of flashbacks Fitzgerald unfolds the mysterious identity of Jay Gatsby. At first the author portrays Gatsby as an untrustworthy, suspicious man, who is involved in criminal activity of bootlegging. However after Cordons story of Gatsby past, there is a major heft in his identity and his true character is revealed. Nick realizes that Gatsby has accumulated this wealth and all his possessions to win the love of Daisy. Chapter 4 opens up with a portrayal of The Roaring Twenties and its dynamic lifestyle. Nicks description of Gatsby guests shows the different roles and classes of the society, during 1922. Nick outlines how they are all just using Gatsby for his hospitality and wealth. The author achieves this theme through Nicks list the guests who attended the parties: Chester Backers and the Leeches, and a man named Bunsen (p. 1 993 edition) and the fact that none of the guests knew anything about the host. They arrived at Gatsby mansion with the intention to enjoy their time, consume alcohol and display their wealth, thereby portraying the main concept of the fast paced life of the Roaring Twenties. At the beginning of the chapter, the author foreshadows Gatsby s connection to the criminal world by the chatter of the young ladies at the party. The rumors about Gatsby that are overheard from the m: He is a bootlegger One time he killed a man who had found that he was a nephew o Von Hindering (p. 9 1 993 edition), cause the reader to be suspicious of Gatsby character and provide an indication that he is not a clean person. The rumors reveal a minor element Of Gatsby identity and the immoral way he gained his wealth, giving a sign to the reader of what to expect further in the chapter. Another portrayal of the Roaring Twenties appears when Gatsby pays no attention to the speed limit and an officer pulls him over. Gatsby shows the white card he had received from the commissioner, due to a favor he had previously done for him. The officer apologizes, Know you next time Mr.. Gatsby. Excuse me! (p. 44 1993 edition) and lets him go. Gatsby action of simply waving a small white card to escape the consequences of breaking a law shows that he is a superstar. Gatsby acts above the law and the police, displaying himself as the New Money of the Roaring Twenties and that there are no boundaries to his actions. When Meyer Wolfishly is introduced in the chapter; Nicks awareness of the criminal side to Gatsby s character increases. Throughout the conversation Nick suspects that the rumors he had revisions heard from the young ladies hes a bootlegger One time he killed a man ) (p. 9 1993 edition) are true and that Gatsby is involved in organized crime. In the chapter, Wolfishly serves as symbol to represent the Criminal Element. The way that Fitzgerald describes the visual characteristics of Wolfishly A small, flat nosed Jew raised his large head and regarded me with two fine growths of hair which luxuriated in either nostril. After a moment I discovered his tiny eyes in th e half-darkness (p. 44-45 1993 edition), generates a stereotype of the Jewish nation. During the 1 sass, Jews were hardwired for their greed, wealth and physical attributes of a miniature body build a large nose. Fitzgerald applies the stereotype to describe Wolfishly as a symbol for Crime and Corruption. Meyer Wolfishly describes the success in wealth as an outcome of fine breeding (p. 46 1 993 edition). This is the Old Money way of thinking, where the fundamentals to achieving The American Dream of wealth lie in the genes of the person. After the meeting with Wolfishly, Nick realizes that the source to Gatsby high income is his involvement in bootlegging activities. Gatsby is the New Money lass of The Roaring Twenties, who has recently acquired his fortune of wealth, instead of inheriting it. Throughout the mid-section of the chapter Fitzgerald begins to unfold the mysteries of Jay Gatsby past, revealing his true identity and creating a major shift of Gatsby character. At the beginning of the chapter the author characterizes Gatsby as enigmatic, suspicious and not fully trustworthy person. The information Gatsby gives about his past seems highly over exaggerated and inconceivable; l am the son of wealthy people in the Middle West -all dead now. I was brought up in America but educated at Oxford, because all my ancestors have been educated there for many years. (p. 42 1993 edition). Gatsby portrays himself as a son of wealthy parents, war hero, jewel collector and a graduate of oxford. Later on, Cordons story about Gatsby past radically changes Nicks perception of Gatsby character. Through the use of flash backs, Jordan depicts Gatsby as a romantic person who is fighting to achieve his love. Jordan reveals his lower class background, what influenced Daisys parents to oppos e the marriage; but Gatsby is a man who is prepared to go beyond the boundaries to reach his goal. Through Cordons flashbacks of Gatsby, Fitzgerald presents a romantic click, where Gatsby is the Romeo of The Roaring Twenties: a perfect lover, brave and handsome, and war hero. The end of Chapter 4 reveals the true objective to Gatsby accomplishment of his wealth. Gatsby desire to reach the mysterious green light and Daisy across the bay is unstoppable. The green light acts as a symbol to several themes, among them is Daisy herself, Gatsby fearless romantic optimism and Gatsby s view of the American Dream.

Adhd Medications Versus Side Effects free essay sample

According to â€Å"ADHD is a problem† (2010), â€Å"ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed behavioral disorder of childhood. It affects about 3% 5% of school aged children. † In 2010 the World Health Organization (WHO) conducted a study that estimated that 3% to 4% of adults have ADHD. Of these it is estimated that between 8 and 10 million are undiagnosed, with millions more not receiving treatment (Van Pelt, 2010). Paul Lichtenstein of Swedens Karolinska Institute stated Its said that roughly 30 to 40 per cent of long-serving criminals have ADHD. † (Kelland, 2012). These statistics illustrate how severely ADHD can affect subject’s lives. Many are concerned about the side effects that come with taking stimulant medications used to treat ADHD. ADHD medications do indeed have side effects; however, the advantages of treatment generally outweigh the disadvantages of negative side effects. This can be seen by examining the symptoms associated with ADHD, and comparing them to the side effects of stimulant medication. Also examining the various ways in which the side effects can be dealt with. We will write a custom essay sample on Adhd Medications Versus Side Effects or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are many symptoms linked with ADHD, these symptoms fall into three categories and can be used to diagnose this disorder. The first category is inattentiveness, or lack of attention, symptoms in this category, as implied, deal with the subject’s inability to focus. Examples of these symptoms are; 1) subject fails to give close attention to details, makes careless mistakes, and is often forgetful with regard to daily activities. ) Subject does not follow through with instructions, or can be easily distracted, resulting in failing to finish school work, chores, or duties in the workplace. 3) Subject does not seem to listen when spoken to directly. 4) Subject can have difficulty with organization of tasks and activities, often losing assignments or tools needed for tasks. The second category is hyperactivity; these symptoms can be seen in the actions of the subject. Examples of these symptoms are; 1) Subject fidgets with hands or feet, or squirms in their seat. ) Subject runs about or climbs in inappropriate situations, or leaves seat when remaining seated is expected. 3) Subject has difficulty playing quietly, often having an overabundance of energy, and tends to talk excessively. The third category of symptoms is impulsivity, or impulsive behavior, these symptoms seem to be combinations of the first two categories. Examples of these symptoms are; 1) Subject blurts out answers before questions have been completed. 2) Subject has difficulty awaiting their turn. ) Subject interrupts or intrudes upon others conversations (â€Å"ADHD is a problem†, 2012). Observation of combinations of these symptoms can lead to the diagnosis of ADHD. There are several different prescription medications used to treat ADHD in both children and adults. Prescription medications used for this treatment are generally stimulants, and are controlled substances. The five stimulant medications used for this treatment are; 1) Amphetamine-dextroamphetamine, otherwise known as Adderall. ) Dexmethylphenidate, otherwise known as Focalin. 3) Dextroamphetamine, otherwise known as Dexedrine, and Dextrostat. 4) Lisdexamfetamine, otherwise known as Vyvanse. 5) Methylphenidate, otherwise known as Ritalin, Concerta, Metadate, and Daytrana. There is a nonstimulant medication available called Atomoxetine, commonly called Strattera (â€Å"ADHD is a problem†, 2012). Stimulant medications used for ADHD cause increased levels of neurotransmitters, specifically Dopamine, and Norepinephrine within the prefrontal cortex (Arnsten, 2006). The levels of these two neurotransmitters are thought to be lower in children and adults with ADHD. The stimulant medications used for treatment of ADHD increase the production of these two neurotransmitters in order to reach normal levels within the subjects brain chemistry (Santa Maria, 12/30/11). It has been found that the best results from treatment included behavioral therapy, such as having a set schedule, eating a well balanced diet, limiting distractions in study and work areas, and getting enough sleep (â€Å"ADHD is a problem†, 2012). Behavior therapy combined with medication seems to provide the best results, allowing the subject to build upon the effects of the medication, and create a routine. There are many possible side effects included with these medications, some of these are rarer than others, while others still have positive effects. Many of the side effects that come with stimulant treatment are common and mild. One such side effect is trouble sleeping, the stimulant aspects of the drugs can make it hard to fall asleep. Loss of appetite is another common side effect. The stimulant medication tends to reduce appetite, and can cause weight loss. Weight loss is one side effect that people tend to like, however weight loss tends to be modest and the effects diminish over time (If you have adult ADHD, 2012). Dry mouth is another very common side effect. These first three side effects seem to be almost ensured when taking ADHD medication. Other side effects that, while still common and generally mild, are not guaranteed consist of headaches, nausea, dizziness, irritability and mood changes, and occasionally tics. The medications do not cause tics, instead they can sometimes bring underlying tics out, for example a tic from childhood may return (If you have adult ADHD, 2012). There are more severe side effects associated with the use of ADHD stimulant treatment, however these are much more rare, or case sensitive. For example, stimulant medication increases blood pressure and heart rate, which is not a major concern in most cases. However, if people have underlying heart problems this increase can cause problems. Another side effect of ADHD medications that is a rarity is psychiatric problems. These issues may involve auditory hallucinations, paranoia, and mania, though it must be noted that only about 1in 1000 people or . 001% is affected in this way, and most often stems from preexisting psychiatric conditions (If you have adult ADHD, 2012). Drug abuse is another concern when treating ADHD, as stimulants such as Ritalin, and Adderall have the potential to be abused. However it must be noted also that untreated ADHD poses an increased risk of substance abuse (If you have adult ADHD, 2012). There are positive effects of the drugs that have been noted as well. One of the most encouraging comes from a study involving 25,000 ADHD subjects. This study found that the patients using the medication committed about a third less crimes. â€Å"Past international studies show up to two-thirds of young offenders and half the adult prison population screen positively for childhood ADHD, and many may still have symptoms as adults,† (Kelland, 2012, ). Seena Fazel a forensic psychiatrist at Oxford University, in Britain, stated that â€Å"medication led to a 32 percent reduction in crime rates in men, and a 41 percent reduction in crime rates in women,† (Kelland, 2012, ). Fazel’s colleague Paul Lichtenstein, of Karolinska Institute in Sweden, added that roughly 30 to 40 percent of long serving criminals have ADHD, and that the chances of recidivism (recommitting crimes) could be reduced by 30% by taking medication (Kelland, 2012, ). Most side effects associated with ADHD medications are not only minor, but also controllable. There are many ways in which subjects can effectively control or cope with emerging side effects. Trouble sleeping and loss of appetite are two of the most common side effects, and they are two of the most easily controlled as well. By adjusting the time which a subject takes their medication to avoid overlapping into meal time or sleep time, these two side effects can be effectively controlled. Chances for side effects such as headache and nausea emerging can be reduced similarly, since these side effects tend to stem from not eating enough, or sleeping enough, while on the medication. Some subjects complain of dizziness or irritability or mood swings, these side effects can best be dealt with by consulting one’s doctor, possibly changing dosage, or in some cases changing medications. Other side effects may not be eliminated, however there are methods to cope with them. One such minor side effect is dry mouth, subjects can drink more water or keep lozenges with them to counter this side effect. There are many ways to control or cope with the day-to-day side effects associated with ADHD medications, the key is finding what works best for you. Other more severe side effects known to be linked with ADHD medications, such as psychiatric problems or cardiovascular problems, affect a very small number of subjects and may be managed by changing medication dosage, or changing medication. All side effects that subjects experience should be brought to the attention of their doctor, so that together they can choose the best way to deal with them. In a worst case scenario untreated ADHD can result in elevated criminal activities, in a less severe example an untreated subject may have difficulty holding a job or dealing with day-to-day responsibilities. The side effects of not taking stimulant medications to treat ADHD are as real as the side effects that come with the drugs themselves. However the side effects that come with taking these medications can in most cases be controlled or coped with. Doctors have continued to prescribe meds like Adderall, Ritalin and Dexedrine because quite simply they work better than anything else. † Study reveals, (2006). As stated stimulant medication can overcome the symptoms associated with ADHD, which in turn can lead to a more prosperous life at work, school, and home. Adhd Medications Versus Side Effects free essay sample According to â€Å"ADHD is a problem† (2010), â€Å"ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed behavioral disorder of childhood. It affects about 3% 5% of school aged children. † In 2010 the World Health Organization (WHO) conducted a study that estimated that 3% to 4% of adults have ADHD. Of these it is estimated that between 8 and 10 million are undiagnosed, with millions more not receiving treatment (Van Pelt, 2010). Paul Lichtenstein of Swedens Karolinska Institute stated Its said that roughly 30 to 40 per cent of long-serving criminals have ADHD. † (Kelland, 2012). These statistics illustrate how severely ADHD can affect subject’s lives. Many are concerned about the side effects that come with taking stimulant medications used to treat ADHD. ADHD medications do indeed have side effects; however, the advantages of treatment generally outweigh the disadvantages of negative side effects. This can be seen by examining the symptoms associated with ADHD, and comparing them to the side effects of stimulant medication. Also examining the various ways in which the side effects can be dealt with. We will write a custom essay sample on Adhd Medications Versus Side Effects or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are many symptoms linked with ADHD, these symptoms fall into three categories and can be used to diagnose this disorder. The first category is inattentiveness, or lack of attention, symptoms in this category, as implied, deal with the subject’s inability to focus. Examples of these symptoms are; 1) subject fails to give close attention to details, makes careless mistakes, and is often forgetful with regard to daily activities. ) Subject does not follow through with instructions, or can be easily distracted, resulting in failing to finish school work, chores, or duties in the workplace. 3) Subject does not seem to listen when spoken to directly. 4) Subject can have difficulty with organization of tasks and activities, often losing assignments or tools needed for tasks. The second category is hyperactivity; these symptoms can be seen in the actions of the subject. Examples of these symptoms are; 1) Subject fidgets with hands or feet, or squirms in their seat. ) Subject ru ns about or climbs in inappropriate situations, or leaves seat when remaining seated is expected. 3) Subject has difficulty playing quietly, often having an overabundance of energy, and tends to talk excessively. The third category of symptoms is impulsivity, or impulsive behavior, these symptoms seem to be combinations of the first two categories. Examples of these symptoms are; 1) Subject blurts out answers before questions have been completed. 2) Subject has difficulty awaiting their turn. ) Subject interrupts or intrudes upon others conversations (â€Å"ADHD is a problem†, 2012). Observation of combinations of these symptoms can lead to the diagnosis of ADHD. There are several different prescription medications used to treat ADHD in both children and adults. Prescription medications used for this treatment are generally stimulants, and are controlled substances. The five stimulant medications used for this treatment are; 1) Amphetamine-dextroamphetamine, otherwise known as Adderall. ) Dexmethylphenidate, otherwise known as Focalin. 3) Dextroamphetamine, otherwise known as Dexedrine, and Dextrostat. 4) Lisdexamfetamine, otherwise known as Vyvanse. 5) Methylphenidate, otherwise known as Ritalin, Concerta, Metadate, and Daytrana. There is a nonstimulant medication available called Atomoxetine, commonly called Strattera (â€Å"ADHD is a problem†, 2012). Stimulant medications used for ADHD cause increased levels of neurotransmitters, specifically Dopamine, and Norepinephrine within the prefrontal cortex (Arnsten, 2006). The levels of these two neurotransmitters are thought to be lower in children and adults with ADHD. The stimulant medications used for treatment of ADHD increase the production of these two neurotransmitters in order to reach normal levels within the subjects brain chemistry (Santa Maria, 12/30/11). It has been found that the best results from treatment included behavioral therapy, such as having a set schedule, eating a well balanced diet, limiting distractions in study and work areas, and getting enough sleep (â€Å"ADHD is a problem†, 2012). Behavior therapy combined with medication seems to provide the best results, allowing the subject to build upon the effects of the medication, and create a routine. There are many possible side effects included with these medications, some of these are rarer than others, while others still have positive effects. Many of the side effects that come with stimulant treatment are common and mild. One such side effect is trouble sleeping, the stimulant aspects of the drugs can make it hard to fall asleep. Loss of appetite is another common side effect. The stimulant medication tends to reduce appetite, and can cause weight loss. Weight loss is one side effect that people tend to like, however weight loss tends to be modest and the effects diminish over time (If you have adult ADHD, 2012). Dry mouth is another very common side effect. These first three side effects seem to be almost ensured when taking ADHD medication. Other side effects that, while still common and generally mild, are not guaranteed consist of headaches, nausea, dizziness, irritability and mood changes, and occasionally tics. The medications do not cause tics, instead they can sometimes bring underlying tics out, for example a tic from childhood may return (If you have adult ADHD, 2012). There are more severe side effects associated with the use of ADHD stimulant treatment, however these are much more rare, or case sensitive. For example, stimulant medication increases blood pressure and heart rate, which is not a major concern in most cases. However, if people have underlying heart problems this increase can cause problems. Another side effect of ADHD medications that is a rarity is psychiatric problems. These issues may involve auditory hallucinations, paranoia, and mania, though it must be noted that only about 1in 1000 people or . 001% is affected in this way, and most often stems from preexisting psychiatric conditions (If you have adult ADHD, 2012). Drug abuse is another concern when treating ADHD, as stimulants such as Ritalin, and Adderall have the potential to be abused. However it must be noted also that untreated ADHD poses an increased risk of substance abuse (If you have adult ADHD, 2012). There are positive effects of the drugs that have been noted as well. One of the most encouraging comes from a study involving 25,000 ADHD subjects. This study found that the patients using the medication committed about a third less crimes. â€Å"Past international studies show up to two-thirds of young offenders and half the adult prison population screen positively for childhood ADHD, and many may still have symptoms as adults,† (Kelland, 2012, ). Seena Fazel a forensic psychiatrist at Oxford University, in Britain, stated that â€Å"medication led to a 32 percent reduction in crime rates in men, and a 41 percent reduction in crime rates in women,† (Kelland, 2012, ). Fazel’s colleague Paul Lichtenstein, of Karolinska Institute in Sweden, added that roughly 30 to 40 percent of long serving criminals have ADHD, and that the chances of recidivism (recommitting crimes) could be reduced by 30% by taking medication (Kelland, 2012, ). Most side effects associated with ADHD medications are not only minor, but also controllable. There are many ways in which subjects can effectively control or cope with emerging side effects. Trouble sleeping and loss of appetite are two of the most common side effects, and they are two of the most easily controlled as well. By adjusting the time which a subject takes their medication to avoid overlapping into meal time or sleep time, these two side effects can be effectively controlled. Chances for side effects such as headache and nausea emerging can be reduced similarly, since these side effects tend to stem from not eating enough, or sleeping enough, while on the medication. Some subjects complain of dizziness or irritability or mood swings, these side effects can best be dealt with by consulting one’s doctor, possibly changing dosage, or in some cases changing medications. Other side effects may not be eliminated, however there are methods to cope with them. One such minor side effect is dry mouth, subjects can drink more water or keep lozenges with them to counter this side effect. There are many ways to control or cope with the day-to-day side effects associated with ADHD medications, the key is finding what works best for you. Other more severe side effects known to be linked with ADHD medications, such as psychiatric problems or cardiovascular problems, affect a very small number of subjects and may be managed by changing medication dosage, or changing medication. All side effects that subjects experience should be brought to the attention of their doctor, so that together they can choose the best way to deal with them. In a worst case scenario untreated ADHD can result in elevated criminal activities, in a less severe example an untreated subject may have difficulty holding a job or dealing with day-to-day responsibilities. The side effects of not taking stimulant medications to treat ADHD are as real as the side effects that come with the drugs themselves. However the side effects that come with taking these medications can in most cases be controlled or coped with. Doctors have continued to prescribe meds like Adderall, Ritalin and Dexedrine because quite simply they work better than anything else. † Study reveals, (2006). As stated stimulant medication can overcome the symptoms associated with ADHD, which in turn can lead to a more prosperous life at work, school, and home.

55 Synonyms for Courage

55 Synonyms for Courage 55 Synonyms for â€Å"Courage† 55 Synonyms for â€Å"Courage† By Mark Nichol Courage comes in many varieties, often identified by distinct synonyms. Some terms refer to determination more than bravery, but the two qualities are intertwined. Here’s a roster of the valiant vocabulary: 1-2. Adventuresomeness: Like many words on this list, this one is encumbered by the suffix -ness, but it and its nearly identical-looking and somewhat less clumsy synonym adventurousness convey a connotation of a flair for undertaking risky or dangerous enterprises. 3. Audacity: This term’s meaning as a synonym for courage is tainted by another sense, that of shamelessness. 4. Backbone: This word, one of several on this list that figuratively refer to body parts, implies that a courageous person is unyielding or indestructible. 5. Balls: This vulgar slang for testicles suggests that a person said, in a figurative sense, to possess them is endowed with an anatomical feature equated with virility and thus with courage. 6. Boldness: This word means â€Å"daring, fearless† but can also mean â€Å"adventurous† as well as â€Å"presumptuous.† 7. Bottle: This British English slang term derives from the word for a container for liquid; whether it alludes to the receptacle’s sturdiness or to the false courage inspired by imbibing alcohol from it is unclear. 8. Bravery: This word, like courage itself, is an all-purpose term, though it also can mean â€Å"finery† or â€Å"ostentatious display,† perhaps from the idea of a triumphant hero’s trappings. Brave, too, has an alternate meaning of â€Å"excellent,† and as a noun used to refer to an American Indian warrior. 9. Chivalry: This term, from the French word chevaler (whence chevalier as a synonym for knight; the Latin ancestor is caballarius, â€Å"horseman†), originally referred to the courage of a knight but later came to encompass other ideal but often unrealized qualities such as courtesy and devoutness. 10. Cojones: This frequently misspelled slang word, from the Spanish word meaning â€Å"testicles,† is often used as a (slightly) less offensive alternative to its counterpart in English slang. 11. Courageousness: This is an oddly superfluous term, considering that courage is more compact and means exactly the same thing, but courageous is a useful adjective. 12-13. Daring: This word has a connotation of reckless disregard for personal safety. Daringness is an unnecessarily extended (and therefore unnecessary) variant. 14. Dash: This term suggests ostentatious courage but can also imply the pretense of that quality, and might be confused with other senses of the word. Dashing, however, is a vivid adjective. 15. Dauntlessness: Among the words here saddled with a suffix, dauntlessness is nevertheless an expressive term. Its root, daunt, means â€Å"to tame or subdue.† 16. Determination: This word connotes resolve more than courage but is a useful associate for synonyms of the latter term. 17. Doughtiness: This word itself is somewhat clumsy, but the root word, doughty, is one of the most evocative synonyms for brave. 18. Elan: This borrowing from French, best (at least in print) with an acute accent over the first letter, comes from a word meaning â€Å"rush† and implies vigor rather than courage but has a swashbuckling flair. 19. Enterprise: This is a synonym for initiative more than for courage but has a similar sense. 20. Fearlessness: This pedestrian word pales by comparison with some of its synonyms but might be useful in a pinch. 21-22. Fortitude: The original sense of this word was â€Å"strength,† but now it connotes the determination that enables courage to prevail over fear. The variant â€Å"intestinal fortitude† implies that one will not succumb to an abdominal ailment when confronted with adversity. 23. Gallantry: This word, like some others on the list, can easily suggest a pretense of courage rather than the quality itself. 24. Greatheartedness: This word also means â€Å"generosity,† so although it can imply both qualities in one person, when it is employed, the context should make the intended sense clear. 25. Grit: This term, memorably employed in the book and film title True Grit, connotes coarse but uncompromising courage. 26-27. Guts: This slang term for the abdominal organs, traditionally thought of as the seat of emotions, applies to a combination of courage and indefatigability. A more verbose variant is gutsiness. 28. Hardihood: This term, combining the adjective hardy (which can mean â€Å"brave† as well as â€Å"tough† and â€Å"audacious†) and the suffix -hood (â€Å"state of being†), implies combined courage and robustness. 29. Heart: This word’s use as a synonym for courage stems from the idea that the heart is the source of courage. The root of the latter word, indeed, comes from coeur, the French term for the heart (and ultimately from the Latin word cor). 30. Heroism: The root word, hero, has evolved to have a broad range of senses, and the word for the quality is similarly generic. 31-32. Intrepidity: This word and its close variant intrepidness are based on intrepid, meaning â€Å"fearless† (the root word is also the basis of trepidation). 33. Lionheartedness: This term is based on the association of the animal with courage; England’s King Richard I, a medieval model of chivalry, earned the epithet â€Å"the Lionhearted.† 34. Mettle: This word, adapted from metal, means â€Å"stamina† but is also employed to refer to courage. 35. Moxie: This word, taken from the brand name for a carbonated beverage that, like its better-known and longer-lived competitors Pepsi and Coca-Cola, was originally touted as a source of pep, initially meant â€Å"energy† but came to be associated with expertise as well as courage. 36. Nerve: Because of this word’s additional sense of presumptuousness, the connotation of courage might not be clear; both meanings stem from the outdated idea that boldness is conveyed through the body’s nerves. 37. Panache: This word derived from a Latin term for â€Å"small wing† implies flamboyance as much as courage, perhaps from the ostentatious display of feathers on knights’ helmets. 38. Pecker: This British English slang term doesn’t translate to American English so well; the association of the word as an irregular synonym for courage as well as with the male genitalia is discussed in the entry for balls. 39. Pluck: This word, converted to noun form from the verb, implies determined courage despite overwhelming odds or in the face of significant adversity. 40. Prowess: This word refers to remarkable skill as well as outstanding courage. 41-43. Resoluteness: This term, more gracefully rendered as resolution or even resolve, implies a purposefulness, rather than courage per se. 44. Spirit: This word carries the connotation of assertiveness or firmness as opposed to courage; it can also mean a display of energy or animation. 45. Spunk: This word, originally referring to materials suitable as tinder, is akin to mettle and pluck in meaning. 46. Stalwartness: The root word of this term, stalwart, is an alteration of stalworth, from an Old English word meaning â€Å"serviceable,† and refers more to strength and vigor than courage but is easily associated with the latter virtue. 47-48. Stoutheartedness: This word alludes to the idea that a large, vigorous heart imbues one with courage. A more concise variant is stoutness; someone who is of reliable courage is sometimes referred to as stout. 49. Temerity: This word implies a rash, contemptuous disregard for danger. 50-51. Tenacity: This term and its longer variant tenaciousness suggest persistence. 52. Valor: This word (and the related adjective valiant) implies a romantic ideal of courage. 53. Venturesomeness: The meaning of this word is virtually identical to its virtually identical synonym adventuresomeness (see above). 54. Verve: This term, which shares the same origin as verb, refers to a boldness of expression, whether verbal or artistic. 55. Virtue: In addition to senses of morality or another beneficial quality, this term has acquired status as a synonym for courage. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?How to Send Tactful Emails from a Technical Support Desk

Field Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Field Study - Essay Example At the same time, students that have no difficulties with sleep may further illustrate those areas in which behavior patterns might be changed to facilitate adequate sleep. To determine the current state of sleep levels among college students and the contributing causes, I devised a survey intended to explore the issue. Questions on the survey pertaining directly to sleep included ‘how many times do you take a nap each week?’, ‘how long does it usually take you to fall asleep?’, ‘how many times do you wake up during the night?’, ‘why do you wake up during the night?’ and ‘how many hours of sleep do you normally get each night?’ Questions pertaining to causes included ‘do you exercise regularly?’, ‘what do you drink most everyday?’, ‘have you been diagnosed with a sleep disorder?’, ‘what is your number 1 cause of short-term sleeping disorders?’ and ‘how are you treating your sleep disorder?’ The survey was conducted by randomly selecting 15 students between the ages of 18 and 23 (7 boys and 8 girls) from a psychology class wh o volunteered to complete the survey. There were five questions on the survey that related directly to the sleep experienced by the respondent. Five of the respondents said they didn’t nap during the week and none of them said they took four or more naps per week. However, the remaining ten respondents indicated they did nap at least once during the week (4 took one nap per week, 4 took two naps per week and the remaining 2 took three naps per week). Only two of the respondents indicated they fell asleep easily, within the first five minutes of lying down. Five of the respondents said they fell asleep 5-15 minutes after lying down while another three said it took them at least half an hour to go to sleep. The remaining five respondents said it took them more than 30 minutes to get to sleep. Most of the